Septa Skundarian XI IPA 3

SUMPAH PEMUDA

The Youth Pledge (Indonesia : Sumpah Pemuda), was a declaration made on 28 October 1928 by young Indonesia nationalists at a conference in the then- Dutch East Indies. They proclaimed three ideals, one motherland, one nation and one language

Background

The first Indonesian youth congress was held in Batavia, capital of the then- Dutch East Indies in 1926, but produced no formal decisions but did promote the idea of a united Indonesia. In October 1928, the second Indonesian youth congress was held at three different locations. In the first session, the hope was expressed that the congress would inspire the feeling of unity. The second session saw discussions about educational issues. In the third and final session, held at Jalan Kramat Raya No, 126, on October 28 participants heard the future Indonesian national anthem Indonesia Raya by Wage Rudolf Supratman. The congress closed with a reading of the youth pledge^.

The pledge

In Indonesian, with the original spelling, the pledge reads:

Pertama
Kami poetera dan poeteri Indonesia, mengakoe bertoempah darah jang satoe, tanah air Indonesia.
Kedoea
Kami poetera dan poeteri Indonesia, mengakoe berbangsa jang satoe, bangsa Indonesia.
Ketiga
Kami poetera dan poeteri Indonesia, mendjoendjoeng bahasa persatoean, bahasa Indonesia.

In English:

Firstly
We the sons and daughters of Indonesia, acknowledge one motherland, Indonesia.
Secondly
We the sons and daughters of Indonesia, acknowledge one nation, the nation of Indonesia.
Thirdly
We the sons and daughters of Indonesia, respect the language of unity, Indonesian

Profile :

Komentar :

Sumpah pemuda bukan sebagai alat pemisah bangsa,namun sumpah pemuda merupakan alat pemernyatu bangsa. Banyak sekarang ini masyarakat indonesia masih mengutamakan kepentingan sendiri, keluarga, agama dan sukunya sendiri.Padahal kita sebagai bangsa Indonesia, walau pun beraneka ragam suku bangsa dan agama di Indonesia, kita mesti tetap bersatu.... MERDEKA...!!!!

SEPTA SKUNDARIAN XI IPA 3

Bukittinggi


The city has its origins in five villages which served as the basis for a marketplace.
The city was known as Fort de Kock during colonial times in reference to the Dutch outpost established here in 1825 during the Padri war. The fort was founded by Captain Bauer at the top of Jirek hill and later named after the then Lieautenant Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, Hendrik Merkus de Kock. The first road connecting the region with the west coast was built between 1833 and 1841 via the Anai Gorge, easing troop movements, cutting the costs of transportation and providing an economic stimulus for the agricultural economy.In 1856 a teacher-training college (Kweekschool) was founded in the city, the first in Sumatra, as part of a policy to provide educational opportunities to the indigenous population.A rail line connecting the city with Payakumbuh and Padang was constructed between 1891 and 1894.
During the Japanese Occupation of Indonesia in World War II , the city was the headquarters for the Japanese 25th Army, the force which occupied Sumatera. The headquarters was moved to the city in April 1943 from Singapiore, and remained until the Japanese surrender in August 1945.

  Mosque in central Bukittinggi

During the Indonesian National Rvolution , the city was the headquarters for the Emergency govement of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI) from December 19, 1948 to July 13, 1949. During the second 'Police Action' Dutch forces invaded and occupied the city on December 22, 1948, having earlier bombed it in preparation. The city was surrendered to Republican officials in December 1949 after the Dutch government recognized Indonesian sovereignty.
The city was officially renamed Bukittinggi in 1949, replacing its colonial name. From 1950 until 1957, Bukittinggi was the capital city of a province called Central Sumatra, which encompassed West Sumatra, Riau and Jambi. In February 1958, during a revolt in Sumatra against the Indonesian government, rebels proclaimed the Revolutionary Goverment of the Republic Indonesia (PRRI) in Bukittinggi. The Indonesian government had recaptured the town by May the same year.
A group of Muslim men had planned to bomb a cafe in the city frequented by foreign tourists in October 2007, but the plot was aborted due to the risk of killing Muslim individuals in the vicinity. Since 2008 the city administration has banned Valentine's Day and New Year's celebrations as they consider them not in line with Minangkabau traditions or Islam, and can lead to "immoral acts" such as young couples hugging and kissing.

Administration

Bukittinggi is divided in 3 subdistricts (kecamatan), which are further divided into 5 villages (nagari) and 24 kelurahan. The subdistricts are:

Guguk Panjang, Mandiangin Koto Selayan, and Aur Birugo Tigo Baleh.

Transportation

Bukittinggi is connected to Padang by road, though a dysfunctional railway line also exists. For inner-city transport, Bukittinggi employs a public transportation system known as Mersi (Merapi Singgalang) and IKABE that connect locations within the city. The city also still preserves the traditional horse-cart widely known in the area as Bendi, although the use is limited and more popular to be used as vehicle for tourist, both domestic and foreign.

Tourism

It is a city popular with tourists due to the climate and central location. Attractions within the city include:

• Ngarai Sianok (Sianok Canyon)

• Lobang Jepang (Japanese Caves) - a network of underground bunkers & tunnels built by the Japanese during World War II

• Jam Gadang - a large clock tower built by the Dutch in 1926.

• Pasar Atas and Pasar Bawah - traditional markets in downtown.
• Taman Bundo Kanduang park. The park includes a replica Rumah Gadang  (literally: big house, with the distinctive Minangkabau roof architecture) used as a museum of Minangkabau culture, and a zoo. The Dutch hilltop outpost Fort de Kock is connected to the zoo by the Limpapeh pedestrian overpass.

• Museum Rumah Kelahiran Bung Hatta (Museum of Bung Hatta Birthplace) - the house where Indonesian founding father Mohammad Hatta was born, now a museum.

Septa Skundarian XI IPA 3

Bukittinggi


The city has its origins in five villages which served as the basis for a marketplace.
The city was known as Fort de Kock during colonial times in reference to the Dutch outpost established here in 1825 during the Padri War. The fort was founded by Captain Bauer at the top of Jirek hill and later named after the then Lieutenant Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, Hendrik Merkus de Kock. The first road connecting the region with the west coast was built between 1833 and 1841 via the Anai Gorge, easing troop movements, cutting the costs of transportation and providing an economic stimulus for the agricultural economy.^] In 1856 a teacher-training college (Kweekschool) was founded in the city, the first in Sumatra, as part of a policy to provide educational opportunities to the indigenous population. A rail line connecting the city with Payakumbuh and Padang was constructed between 1891 and 1894.
During the Japanese occupation of Indonesia in World War II, the city was the headquarters for the Japanese 25th Army, the force which occupied Sumatra. The headquarters was moved to the city in April 1943 from Singapore, and remained until the Japanese surrender in August 1945.

Mosque in central Bukittinggi

During the Indonesian National Revolution, the city was the headquarters for the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI) from December 19, 1948 to July 13, 1949. During the second 'Police Action' Dutch forces invaded and occupied the city on December 22, 1948, having earlier bombed it in preparation. The city was surrendered to Republican officials in December 1949 after the Dutch government recognized Indonesian sovereignty.
The city was officially renamed Bukittinggi in 1949, replacing its colonial name. From 1950 until 1957, Bukittinggi was the capital city of a province called Central Sumatra, which encompassed West Sumatra, Riau and Jambi. In February 1958, during a revolt in Sumatra against the Indonesian government, rebels proclaimed the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PRRI) in Bukittinggi. The Indonesian government had recaptured the town by May the same year.
A group of Muslim men had planned to bomb a cafe in the city frequented by foreign tourists in October 2007, but the plot was aborted due to the risk of killing Muslim individuals in the vicinity. Since 2008 the city administration has banned Valentine's Day and New Year's celebrations as they consider them not in line with Minangkabau traditions or Islam, and can lead to "immoral acts" such as young couples hugging and kissing.

Administration

Bukittinggi is divided in 3 subdistricts (kecamatan), which are further divided into 5 villages (nagari) and 24 kelurahan. The subdistricts are:

Guguk Panjang, Mandiangin Koto Selayan, and Aur Birugo Tigo Baleh.

Transportation

Bukittinggi is connected to Padang by road, though a dysfunctional railway line also exists. For inner-city transport, Bukittinggi employs a public transportation system known as Mersi (Merapi Singgalang) and IKABE that connect locations within the city. The city also still preserves the traditional horse-cart widely known in the area as Bendi, although the use is limited and more popular to be used as vehicle for tourist, both domestic and foreign.

Tourism

It is a city popular with tourists due to the climate and central location. Attractions within the city include:

• Ngarai Sianok (Sianok Canyon)

• Lobang Jepang (Japanese Caves) - a network of underground bunkers & tunnels built by the Japanese during World War II 

• Jam Gadang - a large clock tower built by the Dutch in 1926. 

• Pasar Atas and Pasar Bawah - traditional markets in downtown. 
• Taman Bundo Kanduang park. The park includes a replica Rumah Gadang (literally: big house, with the distinctive Minangkabau roof architecture) used as a museum of Minangkabau culture, and a zoo. The Dutch hilltop outpost Fort de Kock is connected to the zoo by the Limpapeh pedestrian overpass. 

 

• Museum Rumah Kelahiran Bung Hatta (Museum of Bung Hatta Birthplace) - the house where Indonesian founding father Mohammad Hatta was born, now a museum.  

 

Topologi Jaringan

Topologi Jaringan

Topologi jaringan adalah, hal yang menjelaskan hubungan geometris antara unsur-unsur dasar penyusun jaringan, yaitu node, link, dan station.

Terdapat 6 jenis topologi yaitu :

1. Bus
2. Ring
3. Star
4. Extended Star
5. hierarchical topology
6. Mesh

Setiap topologi memuliki karakteristik yang berdeda-beda dan masing-masing juga memiliki keuntungan dan kerugian. Topologi tidak tergantung kepada medianya dan setiap topologi biasanya menggunakan media sebagai berikut :

Jenis-jenis Media yaitu :

1. Twisted Pair
2. Coaxial Cable
3. Optical Cable
4. Wireless

Topologi dibagi menjadi dua jenis yaitu Physical Topology dan Logical Topologi. Dibawah ini adalah jenis-jenis Physical Topologi.

Jenis-jenis Physical Topology :

•  Topologi Bus

Topologi ini memiliki karakteristik sebagai berikut:

• merupakan satu kabel yang kedua ujung nya ditutup, dimana sepanjang kabel terdapat node-node
• umum digunakan karena sederhana dalam instalasi
• signal melewati kabel dalam dua arah dan mungkin terjadi collision
• problem terbesar pada saat kabel putus. Jika salah satu segmen kabel putus, maka seluruh jaringan akan terhenti.

•  Topologi Ring

Topologi ini mempuyai karakteristik sebagai berikut:

• lingkaran tertutup yang berisi node-node
• sederhana dalam layout
• signal mengalir dalam satu arah, sehingga dapat menghindarkan terjadinya collision (dua paket data bercampur), sehingga memungkinkan pergerakan data yang cepat dan collision detection yang lebih sederhana
• problem: sama dengan topologi bus
• biasanya topologi ring tidak dibuat secara fisik melainkan direalisasikan dengan sebuah consentrator dan kelihatan seperti topologi star

•  Topolog Star

Topologi ini mempunyai karakteristik sebagai berikut:

• setiap node berkomunikasi langsung dengan central node, traffic data mengalir dari node ke central node dan kembali lagi.
• mudah dikembangkan, karena setiap node hanya memiliki kabel yang langsung terhubung ke central node
• keunggulannya adalah jika satu kabel node terputus yang lainnya tidak terganggu
• dapat digunakan kabel yang “lower grade” karena hanya menghandel satu traffic node, biasanya digunakan kabel UTP

•  Topologi Extended Star

Topologi Extended Star merupakan perkembangan lanjutan dari topologi star dimana karakteristiknya tidak jauh berbeda dengan topologi star yaitu :

• setiap node berkomunikasi langsung dengan sub node, sedangkan sub node berkomunikasi dengan central node. traffic data mengalir dari node ke sub node lalu diteruskan ke central node dan kembali lagi.
• Digunakan pada jaringan yang besar dan membutuhkan penghubung yang banyak atau melebihi dari kapasitas maksimal penghubung.
• keunggulan : jika satu kabel sub node terputus maka sub node yang lainnya tidak terganggu, tetapi apabila central node terputus maka semua node disetiap sub node akan terputus
• tidak dapat digunakan kabel yang “lower grade” karena hanya menghandel satu traffic node, karena untuk berkomunikasi antara satu node ke node lainnya membutuhkan beberapa kali hops.

•  Topologi hierarchical

Topologi ini biasa disebut sebagai topolodi tree. Dibangun oleh seperti halnya topologi extended star yang dihubungkan melalui sub node dalam satu central node. Topologi ini dapat mensupport baik baseband maupun broadband signaling dan juga mensupport baik contention maupun token bus access.

•  Topologi Mesh

MESH topologi dibangun dengan memasang link diantara atation-station. Sebuah ‘fully-connected mesh’ adalah sebauh jaringan dimana setiap terminal terhubung secara langsung ke semua terminal-terminal yang lain. Biasanya digunakan pada jaringan komputer kecil. Topologi ini secara teori memungkinkan

akan tetapi tidak praktis dan biayanya cukup tinggi untuk di-implementasikan. Mesh topologi memiliki tingkat redundancy yang tinggi. Sehingga jika terdapat satu link yang rusak maka suatu station dapat mencari link yang lainnya.